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<title>Persistent truncus arteriosus</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Persistent truncus arteriosus</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Truncus_arteriosus" title="Truncus arteriosus">Truncus arteriosus</a></div>

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</style><table class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Persistent truncus arteriosus</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Truncus Arteriosus, Truncus Arteriosus Communis, Patent truncus arteriosus, or Common arterial trunk</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Illustration of truncus arteriosus</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">Medical genetics</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"></span></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">

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<p><b>Persistent truncus arteriosus</b> (<b>PTA</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often referred to simply as <b>truncus arteriosus</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-franklin_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-franklin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a rare form of <a href="Congenital_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital heart disease">congenital heart disease</a> that presents at birth. In this condition, the <a href="Embryological" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryological">embryological</a> structure known as the <a href="Truncus_arteriosus_(embryology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Truncus arteriosus (embryology)">truncus arteriosus</a> fails to properly divide into the <a href="Pulmonary_trunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary trunk">pulmonary trunk</a> and <a href="Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a>. This results in one arterial trunk arising from the heart and providing mixed blood to the <a href="Coronary_arteries" title="Coronary arteries">coronary arteries</a>, <a href="Pulmonary_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary arteries">pulmonary arteries</a>, and <a href="Systemic_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic circulation">systemic circulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cardiac_emergencies_pmid_23915599_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cardiac_emergencies_pmid_23915599-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the <a href="ICD-11" title="ICD-11">International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11)</a>, the International Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac Code (IPCCC) was developed to standardize the nomenclature of congenital heart disease. Under this system, English is now the official language, and persistent truncus arteriosus should properly be termed <b>common arterial trunk</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-franklin_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-franklin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2></div>

<p>Most of the time, this defect occurs spontaneously. <a href="Genetic_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic disorders">Genetic disorders</a> and <a href="Teratogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogen">teratogens</a> (viruses, metabolic imbalance, and industrial or pharmacological agents) have been associated as possible causes. Up to 50% (varies in studies) of cases are associated with <a href="Chromosome_22" title="Chromosome 22">chromosome 22q</a>11 deletions (<a href="DiGeorge_Syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="DiGeorge Syndrome">DiGeorge Syndrome</a>). The <a href="Neural_crest" title="Neural crest">neural crest</a>, specifically a population known as the cardiac neural crest, directly contributes to the <a href="Aorticopulmonary_septum" title="Aorticopulmonary septum">aorticopulmonary septum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Microablation of the cardiac neural crest in developing chick embryos and genetic anomalies affecting this population of cells in rodents results in persistent truncus arteriosus.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Numerous perturbations affecting the cardiac neural crest have been associated with persistent truncus arteriosus, some of which include <a href="Growth_factor" title="Growth factor">growth factors</a> (<a href="Fibroblast_growth_factor_8" title="Fibroblast growth factor 8">fibroblast growth factor 8</a> and <a href="Bone_morphogenetic_protein" title="Bone morphogenetic protein">bone morphogenetic protein</a>), <a href="Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factors</a> (<a href="T-box" title="T-box">T-box</a>, <a href="Pax_genes" title="Pax genes">Pax</a>, <a href="Nkx2-5" class="mw-redirect" title="Nkx2-5">Nkx2-5</a>, <a href="GATA-6" class="mw-redirect" title="GATA-6">GATA-6</a>, and <a href="Forkhead" class="mw-redirect" title="Forkhead">Forkhead</a>), and <a href="Gap_junction" title="Gap junction">gap junction</a> proteins (<a href="Connexin" title="Connexin">Connexin</a>). The cardiac neural crest also contributes the <a href="Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a> of the <a href="Great_arteries" title="Great arteries">great arteries</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2></div>

<p>Anatomical changes associated with this disorder includes:

</p>

<ul><li>single artery arising from the two <a href="Ventricle_(heart)" title="Ventricle (heart)">ventricles</a> which gives rise to both the aortic and pulmonary vessels</li>

<li>abnormal truncal valve</li>

<li>right sided <a href="Aortic_arch" title="Aortic arch">aortic arch</a> in about 30% of cases (not shown)</li>

<li>large <a href="Ventricular_septal_defect" title="Ventricular septal defect">ventricular septal defect</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension">pulmonary hypertension</a></li>

<li>complete mixing occurring at level of the <a href="Great_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Great vessel">great vessel</a></li>

<li>right-to-left shunting of blood</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2></div>

<p>The diagnosis is based on:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Cyanosis" title="Cyanosis">Cyanosis</a> presents at birth</li>

<li><a href="Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">Heart failure</a> may occur within weeks</li>

<li><a href="Systole_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Systole (medicine)">Systolic</a> ejection <a href="Heart_murmur" title="Heart murmur">murmur</a> is heard at the left sternal border</li>

<li>Widened <a href="Pulse_pressure" title="Pulse pressure">pulse pressure</a></li>

<li>Bounding arterial pulses</li>

<li>Loud second <a href="Heart_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart sound">heart sound</a></li>

<li>Biventricular hypertrophy</li>

<li><a href="Cardiomegaly" title="Cardiomegaly">Cardiomegaly</a></li>

<li>Increased pulmonary vascularity</li>

<li><a href="Hypocalcemia" title="Hypocalcemia">Hypocalcemia</a> (if associated with <a href="DiGeorge_syndrome" title="DiGeorge syndrome">DiGeorge syndrome</a>)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3></div>

<p>A well-known classification is the fourfold system developed by Collett and Edwards in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collett/Edwards Types I, II, and III are distinguished by the branching pattern of the pulmonary arteries:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McElhinney_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McElhinney-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li>Type I: The branch pulmonary arteries arise from a single "main pulmonary artery" arising from the lateral surface of the common trunk</li>

<li>Type II: The branch pulmonary arteries arises separately, but near each other posteriorly off the common trunk</li>

<li>Type III: The branch pulmonary arteries arise separately and far apart off the common trunk</li>

<li>Type IV: The branch pulmonary arteries arise distally off the aorta, or the lungs are supplied by multiple aortopulmonary collaterals. Type IV is now considered a form of <a href="Tetralogy_of_Fallot" title="Tetralogy of Fallot">Tetralogy of Fallot</a> and not Common Arterial Trunk.<sup id="cite_ref-McElhinney_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McElhinney-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>Another well-known classification was defined by <a href="Stella_Van_Praagh" title="Stella Van Praagh">Stella</a> and Richard Van Praagh in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-McElhinney_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McElhinney-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid5828135_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid5828135-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this classification scheme, the preceding letter ("A" or "B") refers to the presence or absence, respectively, of a <a href="Ventricular_septal_defect" title="Ventricular septal defect">ventricular septal defect</a>. Type B common arterial trunk is extremely rare; so below, only Type A is considered:

</p>

<ul><li>Type A1: The branch pulmonary arteries arise from a single "main pulmonary artery" arising from the lateral surface of the common trunk (Collett & Edwards Type I)</li>

<li>Type A2: The branch pulmonary arteries arise separately off the common trunk (includes both Collett & Edwards Types II and III).</li>

<li>Type A3: One branch pulmonary artery arises off the common trunk, and one branch pulmonary artery is isolated, arising from a <a href="Patent_ductus_arteriosus" title="Patent ductus arteriosus">patent ductus arteriosus</a>.</li>

<li>Type A4: Common arterial trunk in association with <a href="Interrupted_aortic_arch" title="Interrupted aortic arch">interrupted aortic arch</a>.</li></ul>

<p>As both of the above schemes involve four numerals, they can be easily confused. For this reason, the Collette & Edwards scheme usually uses roman numerals while the Van Praagh system uses arabic numerals and the preceding "A". Ambiguity as to the system being used can lead to misunderstanding.

</p><p>The classification in the International Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac Code (IPCCC) attempts to eliminate this source of confusion with the following nomenclature scheme, which removes the use of numbered types:<sup id="cite_ref-franklin_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-franklin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li>Common arterial trunk with aortic dominance and both pulmonary arteries arising from trunk (includes Collette & Edwards Types I, II, and III and Van Praagh types 1 and 2).</li>

<li>Common arterial trunk with aortic dominance and one pulmonary artery absent from trunk, isolated pulmonary artery (Van Praagh type 3).</li>

<li>Common arterial trunk with pulmonary dominance and aortic arch obstruction (Van Praagh type 4)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2></div>

<p>Treatment is with neonatal surgical repair, with the objective of restoring a normal pattern of blood flow.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surgery is open heart, and the patient will be placed on <a href="Cardiopulmonary_bypass" title="Cardiopulmonary bypass">cardiopulmonary bypass</a> to allow the surgeon to work on a still heart. The heart is opened and the ventricular septal defect is closed with a patch. The pulmonary arteries are then detached from the common artery (truncus arteriosus) and connected to the right ventricle using a tube (a conduit or tunnel). The common artery, now separated from the pulmonary circulation, functions as the aorta with the truncal valve operating as the aortic valve. Most babies survive this surgical repair, but may require further surgery as they grow up. For example, the conduit does not grow with the child and may need to be replaced as the child grows. Furthermore, the truncal valve is often abnormal and may require future surgery to improve its function.

There have been cases where the condition has been diagnosed at birth and surgical intervention is an option. A number of these cases have survived well into adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15872317_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15872317-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2></div>

<p>Persistent truncus arteriosus is a rare cardiac abnormality that has a <a href="Prevalence" title="Prevalence">prevalence</a> of less than 1%.<sup id="cite_ref-cardiac_emergencies_pmid_23915599_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cardiac_emergencies_pmid_23915599-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2></div>

<div class="gallerytext">Diagrams to illustrate the transformation of the <a href="Bulbus_cordis" title="Bulbus cordis">bulbus cordis</a>. Ao. <a href="Truncus_arteriosus" title="Truncus arteriosus">Truncus arteriosus</a>. Au. <a href="Atrium_(heart)" title="Atrium (heart)">Atrium</a>. B. <a href="Bulbus_cordis" title="Bulbus cordis">Bulbus cordis</a>. RV. <a href="Right_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Right ventricle">Right ventricle</a>. LV. <a href="Left_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Left ventricle">Left ventricle</a>. P. <a href="Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">Pulmonary artery</a>.</div>

</li>

</ul>

<ul><li><a href="Truncus_arteriosus_(embryology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Truncus arteriosus (embryology)">Truncus arteriosus (embryology)</a></li>

<li><a href="Patent_ductus_arteriosus" title="Patent ductus arteriosus">Patent ductus arteriosus</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFRuanLohGuoTan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ruan, Wen; Loh, Yee Jim; Guo, Kenneth Wei Qiang; Tan, Ju Le (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4812612">"Surgical correction of persistent truncus arteriosus on a 33-year-old male with unilateral pulmonary hypertension from migration of pulmonary artery band"</a>. <i>Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery</i>. <b>11</b>: 39. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13019-016-0435-x">10.1186/s13019-016-0435-x</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4812612">4812612</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27025216">27025216</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13742890">13742890</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKirbyGaleStewart1983" class="citation journal cs1">Kirby ML, Gale TF, Stewart DE (June 1983). "Neural crest cells contribute to normal aorticopulmonary septation". <i>Science</i>. <b>220</b> (4601): <span class="nowrap">1059–</span>61. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983Sci...220.1059K">1983Sci...220.1059K</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.6844926">10.1126/science.6844926</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6844926">6844926</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJiangRowitchSorianoMcMahon2000" class="citation journal cs1">Jiang X, Rowitch DH, Soriano P, McMahon AP, Sucov HM (April 2000). "Fate of the mammalian cardiac neural crest". <i>Development</i>. <b>127</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">1607–</span>16. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fdev.127.8.1607">10.1242/dev.127.8.1607</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10725237">10725237</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHutsonKirby2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hutson MR, Kirby ML (February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbdrc.10002">"Neural crest and cardiovascular development: a 20-year perspective"</a>. <i>Birth Defects Research. Part C, Embryo Today</i>. <b>69</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">2–</span>13. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbdrc.10002">10.1002/bdrc.10002</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12768653">12768653</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWallerMcQuinnPhelpsMarkwald2000" class="citation journal cs1">Waller BR, McQuinn T, Phelps AL, Markwald RR, Lo CW, Thompson RP, Wessels A (November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1097-0185%2820001101%29260%3A3%3C279%3A%3AAID-AR65%3E3.0.CO%3B2-2">"Conotruncal anomalies in the trisomy 16 mouse: an immunohistochemical analysis with emphasis on the involvement of the neural crest"</a>. <i>The Anatomical Record</i>. <b>260</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">279–</span>93. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1097-0185%2820001101%29260%3A3%3C279%3A%3AAID-AR65%3E3.0.CO%3B2-2">10.1002/1097-0185(20001101)260:3<279::AID-AR65>3.0.CO;2-2</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11066038">11066038</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45359927">45359927</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFranz1989" class="citation journal cs1">Franz T (1989). "Persistent truncus arteriosus in the Splotch mutant mouse". <i>Anatomy and Embryology</i>. <b>180</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">457–</span>64. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00305120">10.1007/BF00305120</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2619088">2619088</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24116967">24116967</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collett RW, Edwards JE: Persistent truncus arteriosus: a classification according to anatomic types. Surg Clin North Am 1949; 29: 1245-70.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/persistent-truncus-arteriosus">"Persistent Truncus Arteriosus: Congenital Cardiovascular Anomalies: Merck Manual Professional"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-11</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-McElhinney-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McElhinney_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McElhinney_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McElhinney_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic2316.htm">"eMedicine - Truncus Arteriosus : Article by Doff McElhinney, MD"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-04</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-pmid5828135-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid5828135_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVan_PraaghVan_Praagh1965" class="citation journal cs1">Van Praagh R, Van Praagh S (September 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0002-9149%2865%2990732-0">"The anatomy of common aorticopulmonary trunk (truncus arteriosus communis) and its embryologic implications. A study of 57 necropsy cases"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Cardiology</i>. <b>16</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">406–</span>25. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0002-9149%2865%2990732-0">10.1016/0002-9149(65)90732-0</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5828135">5828135</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRodefeldHanley2002" class="citation journal cs1">Rodefeld MD, Hanley FL (2002). "Neonatal truncus arteriosus repair: surgical techniques and clinical management". <i>Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Annual</i>. <b>5</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">212–</span>7. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fpcsu.2002.31497">10.1053/pcsu.2002.31497</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11994881">11994881</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-pmid15872317-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15872317_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHaskal2005" class="citation journal cs1">Haskal ZJ (2005). "SIR 2005 Annual Meeting Film Panel Case: hemoptysis and bronchial artery embolization in an adult with uncorrected truncus arteriosus and Eisenmenger syndrome". <i>Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology</i>. <b>16</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">635–</span>8. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.RVI.0000161372.87971.84">10.1097/01.RVI.0000161372.87971.84</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15872317">15872317</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFParkerMaiCanfieldRickard2010" class="citation journal cs1">Parker SE, Mai CT, Canfield MA, Rickard R, Wang Y, Meyer RE, Anderson P, Mason CA, Collins JS, Kirby RS, Correa A (December 2010). "Updated National Birth Prevalence estimates for selected birth defects in the United States, 2004-2006". <i>Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology</i>. <b>88</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">1008–</span>16. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbdra.20735">10.1002/bdra.20735</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20878909">20878909</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120908131414/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002101/">A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia</a> from NCBI site.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gosh.nhs.uk/conditions-and-treatments/conditions-we-treat/truncus-arteriosus/">Truncus arteriosus</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Congenital_heart_defects82" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Congenital_heart_defect" title="Congenital heart defect">Congenital heart defects</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Heart_septal_defect" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart septal defect">Heart septal defect</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Aortopulmonary_septal_defect" title="Aortopulmonary septal defect">Aortopulmonary septal defect</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Double_outlet_right_ventricle" title="Double outlet right ventricle">Double outlet right ventricle</a>

<ul><li><a href="Taussig%E2%80%93Bing_syndrome" title="Taussig–Bing syndrome">Taussig–Bing syndrome</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Transposition_of_the_great_vessels" title="Transposition of the great vessels">Transposition of the great vessels</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dextro-Transposition_of_the_great_arteries" title="Dextro-Transposition of the great arteries">dextro</a></li>

</ul>

<ul><li><a href="Aortopulmonary_window" title="Aortopulmonary window">Aortopulmonary window</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Atrial_septal_defect" title="Atrial septal defect">Atrial septal defect</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sinus_venosus_atrial_septal_defect" title="Sinus venosus atrial septal defect">Sinus venosus atrial septal defect</a></li>

<li><a href="Lutembacher's_syndrome" title="Lutembacher's syndrome">Lutembacher's syndrome</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ventricular_septal_defect" title="Ventricular septal defect">Ventricular septal defect</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tetralogy_of_Fallot" title="Tetralogy of Fallot">Tetralogy of Fallot</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Atrioventricular_septal_defect" title="Atrioventricular septal defect">Atrioventricular septal defect</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ostium_primum_atrial_septal_defect" title="Ostium primum atrial septal defect">Ostium primum</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cardiac_shunt" title="Cardiac shunt">Cardiac shunt</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cyanotic_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanotic heart disease">Cyanotic heart disease</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Eisenmenger_syndrome" title="Eisenmenger syndrome">Eisenmenger syndrome</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Valvular_heart_disease" title="Valvular heart disease">Valvular heart disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Right</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pulmonary_valve" title="Pulmonary valve">pulmonary valves</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pulmonary_valve_stenosis" title="Pulmonary valve stenosis">stenosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulmonary_valve_insufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary valve insufficiency">insufficiency</a></li>

<li><a href="Absent_pulmonary_valve_syndrome" title="Absent pulmonary valve syndrome">absence</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tricuspid_valve" title="Tricuspid valve">tricuspid valves</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tricuspid_atresia" title="Tricuspid atresia">atresia</a></li>

<li><a href="Tricuspid_regurgitation" title="Tricuspid regurgitation">regurgitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Tricuspid_valve_stenosis" title="Tricuspid valve stenosis">stenosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Ebstein's_anomaly" title="Ebstein's anomaly">Ebstein's anomaly</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Left</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aortic_valve" title="Aortic valve">aortic valves</a>

<ul><li><a href="Aortic_valve_stenosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Aortic valve stenosis">stenosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Aortic_insufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Aortic insufficiency">insufficiency</a></li>

<li><a href="Bicuspid_aortic_valve" title="Bicuspid aortic valve">bicuspid</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mitral_valve" title="Mitral valve">mitral valves</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mitral_stenosis" title="Mitral stenosis">stenosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Mitral_regurgitation" title="Mitral regurgitation">regurgitation</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Underdeveloped <a href="Heart_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart chamber">heart chambers</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hypoplastic_right_heart_syndrome" title="Hypoplastic right heart syndrome">right</a></li>

<li><a href="Uhl_anomaly" title="Uhl anomaly">Uhl anomaly</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dextrocardia" title="Dextrocardia">Dextrocardia</a></li>

<li><a href="Levocardia" title="Levocardia">Levocardia</a></li>

<li><a href="Cor_triatriatum" title="Cor triatriatum">Cor triatriatum</a></li>

<li><a href="Crisscross_heart" title="Crisscross heart">Crisscross heart</a></li>

<li><a href="Brugada_syndrome" title="Brugada syndrome">Brugada syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Coronary_artery_anomaly" title="Coronary artery anomaly">Coronary artery anomaly</a></li>

<li><a href="Anomalous_aortic_origin_of_a_coronary_artery" title="Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery">Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery</a></li>

<li><a href="Ventricular_inversion" title="Ventricular inversion">Ventricular inversion</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-16" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Persistent_truncus_arteriosus&oldid=1300846394">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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